Exact population: 5,042,920 (July 2006 est.) Literacy: Total population: 98.8%; male: 99.3%; female: 98.3% Ethnicities: Turkmen 85%, Uzbek 5%, Russian 4%, other 6% (2003) Land boundaries: Total: 3,736 km; border countries: Afghanistan 744 km, Iran 992 km, Kazakhstan 379 km, Uzbekistan 1,621 km Terrain: Flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes rising to mountains in the south; low mountains along border with Iran; borders Caspian Sea in west Extremes: Lowest point: Vpadina Akchanaya -81 m; note - Sarygamysh Koli is a lake in northern Turkmenistan with a water level that fluctuates above and below the elevation of Vpadina Akchanaya (the lake has dropped as low as -110 m) highest point: Gora Ayribaba 3,139 m Imports: US 11.8%, Russia 9.7%, UAE 9.2%, Ukraine 9%, Turkey 8.6%, Germany 8%, France 5%, Georgia 4.6%, Iran 4.5% (2004) Exports: Ukraine 46.6%, Iran 17.3%, Turkey 4.2%, Italy 4.1% (2004) Industries: Natural gas, oil, petroleum products, textiles, food processing
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 "Flag of Turkmenistan")
 "Map of Turkmenistan")
 "Worldmap of Turkmenistan")
 "Money from Turkmenistan")