Exact population: 1,951,591 (July 2011 est.) Literacy: Total population: 89%; male: 89.1%; female: 88.6% Ethnicities: Arab 40%, Pakistani 18%, Indian 18%, Iranian 10%, other 14% Land boundaries: Total: 60 km; border countries: Saudi Arabia 60 km Terrain: Mostly flat and barren desert covered with loose sand and gravel Extremes: Lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m; highest point: Qurayn Abu al Bawl 103 m Imports: France 26.6%, US 9.5%, Saudi Arabia 9.4%, UAE 6.3%, Germany 5.2%, Japan 5.2%, UK 5.1% (2004) Exports: Japan 41.9%, South Korea 15.8%, Singapore 9.1%, India 5.4% (2004) Industries: Crude oil production and refining, ammonia, fertilizers, petrochemicals, steel reinforcing bars, cement, commercial ship repair
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 "Flag of Qatar")
 "Map of Qatar")
 "Worldmap of Qatar")
 "Money from Qatar")